How Does Social Change Affect Individuals And Society

Activism is taking actions or using policies to create social change and to raise awareness on issues affecting individuals and society. (Launius and Hassel, Threshold Concepts, 157). Gender socialization; reproductive justice, abortion and birth; and family life are three issues that affect people through privilege and oppression. These issues have negative impacts on transgender people’s access to public space, women of color reproductive self-determination and mothers. People have tried to address these issues by lobbying for changes in laws and protesting against repulsive polices. Gender socialization teaches people throughout everyday life that there are only two genders associated with the binary system (Launius and Hassel, Threshold Concepts, 28). Societal institutions shape an individual into his or her gender identity based on one’s appearance and behaviors. Hence, a person who has masculine traits would be called a male, while a female would consider having feminine traits (Launius and Hassel, Threshold Concepts, 31). Base on this theory, a person who does not consider themselves to be in â€Å"F† box and â€Å"M† box is not accepted in society. This issue affects every group in society when they have to conform to these narrow ideas about what gender is. Thus, it strict their freedom of being their own self. These narrow ideas affect especially transgender people who are against these binary options (Launius and Hassel, Threshold Concepts, 30). According to JaimeeShow MoreRelatedSocial Psychology : An Individual1117 Words   |  5 Pagesmeaning of social psychology will be introduced. The differences and similarities social psychology shares with certain fields of psychology will be clarified throughout this essay. Specific subjects such as attitudes, group behaviors, and other related sources will be cited throughout this essay. Some of the research methods used in social psychology to determine how individuals affect groups or how groups affect an individual will be discussed in this essay. Keywords: group behaviors, social cognitionRead MoreSociological Perspectives Of Functionalism, Conflict Theory And Symbolic Interactions882 Words   |  4 Pagesinteractions. In looking at how religion functions in social structures, social systems, and small group interpersonal interactions a sociologist could formulate a better understanding of religion s role in society and the human experience. The sociologist looks at the individual, and how that individual connects to a specific societal location or setting and specifically at religion a sociological study could determine the power religion holds over people and societies. Understanding the culturalRead MoreWhy Homelessness Is Worldwide And Social Problem866 Words   |  4 Pagesforemost, how do we define a homeless person? According to National Health Care for the Homeless Council, homeless is defined as â€Å"an individual who lacks housing, including an individual whose primary residence during the night is a supervi sed public or private facility that provides temporary living accommodations, and an individual who is a resident in a transitional housing† (â€Å"definition of homelessness,† n.d.). It is important to recognize that homelessness is worldwide and social problem becauseRead MoreWhy Homelessness Is Worldwide And Social Problem858 Words   |  4 Pagesforemost, how do we defined a homeless person? According to National Health Care for the Homeless Council, homeless is defined as â€Å"an individual who lacks housing, including an individual whose primary residence during the night is a supervised public or private facility that provides temporary living accommodations, and an individual who is a resident in a transitional housing† (â€Å"definition of homelessness,† n.d.). 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The difference between how the dictionary defines deviance and how sociologist define deviance is what may be deviant in one place, at one particular time, may not be deviant in another place and time. Basically with times changing something may or may not be tolerated as acceptable behavior. 2. What is situational devianceRead MoreSociology : Sociology And Sociological Thinking978 Words   |  4 PagesSociology and sociological thinking are a vital part of society, and through examining both society and individuals, sociology is able to make changes to areas such as policies, and attitudes that may have usually negatively affected them, and instead gained a positive result through the careful research, and applied knowledge. Sociology is the study of groups and individuals and the cause and effects of each, to each other, and overall society. ‘Sociology is a technical and difficult subject and

The Effect of Custodial Sentences Free Essays

string(78) " causes of violent offending, nor does every abused child become an offender\." What is the effect of custodial sentences on the mental health of young offenders’ in England aged between 12-17 years? Introduction (200 Words)There is widespread concern that the prison environment, with its rules and regimes, may have a detrimental impact on the mental health of young offenders, and those with mental illnesses in particular (Birmingham, 2003). The world health organization defined mental health as a state of well-being in which every individual realizes his or her own potential, can cope with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution to her or his community WHO (2014). That is, good mental health is one being generally able to think, feel and react in the ways that you need and want to live your life. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effect of Custodial Sentences or any similar topic only for you Order Now But if you go through a period of poor mental health you might find the ways you’re frequently thinking, feeling or reacting become difficult, or even impossible, to cope with. This can feel just as bad as a physical illness, or even worse. This research proposal necessitate the rationale for looking into the effects of custodial sentences in the age bracket. Highlighting the aim and objectives for a comprehensive research with methodological justification and the need to scrutinize ethical bias issues in surface. Furthermore, timetable is been developed to facilitate for better analysis and conduct of the research. Also, self-reflection in conclusion is adopted as a way of assessing ways of working and how the research proposal was conducted. Research texts (Gray 2009; Robson 2011; Saunders ; Lewis, 2012) consistently argue – a clear research question supported by a convincing rationale justified by academic literature is essential for a good research project. Background and Rationale for the study (800 words)In spite of the fact that there is a growing body of writing on the mental health needs of young people in the justice system, there remain many unanswered questions.In the year ending March 2016, there were 27,900 young people sentenced in England. This number has fallen by 10% compared with the previous year, and by 71% since the year ending March 2006. However, Community sentences including referral orders and Youth Rehabilitation Orders were most commonly imposed in 68% of sentences Youth Justice Board (2017). Children and young people in custody are three times as likely as their peers to have unmet mental health need, with many having experienced multiple traumas during their young lives such as neglect, abuse and maltreatment. Children in custody are facing a significant shortfall in mental health provision, with some given no access to psychology services and having to wait more than half a year for treatment. Young offenders aged between 12 and 17, many of whom suffer with mental health problems, are being left with urgent needs unmet due to reduced services in secure training centres (STCs) according to recent HMP inspections Youth Justice Board (2017). The 2016 Ministry of Justice review on children who are in the justice system reported that significant numbers of black, Muslim and white working class boys in custody have mental and other health problems. These groups are particularly over-represented in custody, where over 40% are from black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) backgrounds, a large proportion have previously been in care 38% in Young Offender Institutions, 52% in Secure Training Centers, and more than a third have a diagnosed mental health disorder Ministry of Justice (2016). All children who come into contact with youth justice services are vulnerable by virtue of their young age and developmental immaturity according to the prison reform trust The Prison Reform Trust (2010).Many, however, are doubly vulnerable, that is, they are disadvantaged socially, educationally, and also because they experience a range of impairments and emotional difficulties. It is well established that children who offend have more complex health and support needs than other children of their age (Mental Health Foundation 2002).The health and wellbeing needs of these children tend to be particularly severe by the time they are at risk of receiving a community sentence, and even more so when they receive a custodial sentence. If these children are not helped at an early age, they can be sentenced to a lifetime of declining health and worsening offending behavior, with significant long term costs to the taxpayer, and to the victims of these crimes. Brief contacts with the youth justice system are only one element of state intervention in the lives of these children and their families; the role of schools, social care and health services are all critical determinants of improving outcomes Local Government Association (2017). There has been evidence that suggest young that people within the youth justice system have high level of needs in a number of different areas, including health, education, and social and emotional well-being (Chitsabesan et al., 2006; Lader et al., 2000). In particular, studies consistently suggest that young offenders have high levels of mental health needs (Teplin et al., 2002) and neurodevelopmental disorders (Hughes et al., 2012). Even though evidence of high prevalence is found, many of these needs are unmet due to lack of appropriate screening and identification and poor continuity of care (Harrington and Bailey, 2005). This is particularly apparent amongst young people in custody. The British Medical Association sets out with clarity and integrity the human rights principles that provide the foundation for good work with vulnerable children in trouble with the law. The British Medical Association report makes it clear, that young offender institution and other places of youth detention are not full of happy, healthy children and young (BMA 2014,p10)Young offenders’ experience of abuse has been found to be significant factors in their lives Beyond Youth Custody (2014). The majority of young violent offenders sentenced to custody had experienced both abuse and loss, suggesting that the existence of a double childhood trauma may be a potent factor in the lives of violent young offenders. However, it must be stressed that child abuse and loss are not the only potential causes of violent offending, nor does every abused child become an offender. You read "The Effect of Custodial Sentences" in category "Papers" Yet an unresolved trauma is likely to manifest itself in some way at a later date. Many children become depressed, disturbed, violent or all three, with girls tending to internalise their responses and boys tending to externalise theirs. Such experiences are sufficiently prevalent to warrant the introduction of systematic assessment for violent young offenders. Attempting to address young offenders’ behavior without understanding their underlying difficulties can result in unsuccessful and sometimes detrimental interventions. Failure to take account of experiences of trauma and its impact upon child development and emotional well-being will limit the potential benefits of resettlement or rehabilitation work. According to the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies (2010) Justice Policy Review, the coalition government published a green paper on punishment, rehabilitation and sentencing which promised a ‘rehabilitation revolution ‘in relation to its plans for dealing with offending by young people, ‘We must do better so that we can stop the young offenders of today becoming the prolific adult offenders of tomorrow’.an emphasis on prevention, on restorative justice, and on informal intervention points to successive governments concerns about the juvenile prison population. They proposed alternative to youth custody, part of their proposal was that Young Offenders Academy will replace custodial environment, instead the focus will be on community and localism, harnessing integrated education, mental health and family services in order to focus on the education and development of the children. Against a backdrop of high levels of custodial vulnerabilities ; mental illness experienced by young offenders (Bateman and Hazel, 2014; Association for Young People’s Health, 2013; National Audit Office, 2015) it can be argued that this topic is worthy of a research. Most noteworthy is the need to understand what is working and not working in terms of understanding custodial related vulnerabilities ; mental illness among young people through reviewing literature so as to increase knowledge base in these areas of practice. Aim To explore the effect of custodial sentences on young offenders’ age between 12-17 years on their mental health in England? Objectives The objectives of the proposal are: To explore the prevalence of mental health which affect the children in custody age 12-17 in UK.To examine the overall mental health and psychosocial needs of young offender’s custody and to identify how needs vary according to gender, ethnicity and placement. To assess the impact of government policy in supporting young offenders in and out of prison. Methodology ; Justification (800 Words) The research will engage primary and secondary method to evaluate the effects of custodial sentences on young offenders between the age group of 12-17 years on how being in custody affects their mental state. The most important factor in conducting secondary (Qualitative) research is that enough information could be gather which might help in deciding whether or not there is need to conduct primary research. Qualitative research is associated with the social constructivist paradigm which emphasises the socially constructed nature of reality which Seeks to uncover deeper meanings to human behaviour and emotions and the design of the research determines the sample, how data is collected and how it is analyse (Ritchie and Lewis, 2004). Whereas Primary (Quantitative) research Involves collecting and converting data into numerical form for statistical analysis and statistical analysis which enables researchers to determine to what extent there is a relationship between two or more variables, to determine the sample chosen, how data is collected and how the data is analysed (De Vaus, 2004). Information on the prevalence of mental health which affect the children in custody age 12-17 in UK, Overall mental health and psychosocial needs of young offenders both in custody and in the community and to identify how needs vary according to gender, ethnicity and placement (custody versus community) and the impact of government policy and initiative in supporting these young offenders in and out of prison. It will look at studies and evidences and also look at alternative therapeutic on youths with severe emotional disorders due to custodial sentence. Government policies will also be look at. The purpose is to test the hypothesis. Sufficient steps to critically evaluate the validity and reliability of the secondary data will be stress. In undertaking a qualitative research, various points of approach to sampling in qualitative interview-based research shall be access and critically analyze. The approaches which shall be engage are, firstly the defining of a sample universe by way of specifying inclusion and exclusion criteria for potential participation, secondly the deciding upon a sample size, through the conjoint consideration of epistemological and practical concerns, thirdly selecting a sampling strategy, such as random sampling, convenience sampling, stratified sampling, cell sampling, quota sampling or a single-case selection strategy for the avoidance of bias, and ethical concerns pertaining to informed consent. The extent to which these various concerns are met and made explicit in a qualitative study has implications for its coherence, transparency, impact and trustworthiness. Hence the reason why they’ll require considerate analysis. According to current practice for research in custody settings, the consent of the custodial director or from Her Majesty Prison Service (HMP) suffices and replaces parental consent. Eighty semi-structured interviews will be carry out with key stakeholders to ascertain the structures of current service provision, and processes involved in provision and outcome. This includes interviews with youth offending staffs, managers and staff within secure establishments, and providers of mental health services in the young offenders’ institutes. Between 20-40 percent of young offenders will also be question about their satisfaction with a variety of different services. All sampled children in YOI at the time of the surveys will be invited to engage from to complete a questionnaire. Every effort shall be made to speak to each participant individually in order to explain the purpose and confidentiality of the survey and the independence of the process. Both boys and girls who might need help to complete the survey due to literacy or language difficulties shall be supported with face to face questioning instead. Self-completed questionnaires will be place in sealed envelopes and collected within the survey time frame. The survey will be conducted to ensure any child protection and safeguarding issues arise during the process could be follow up, each questionnaire will be number so that any relevant comments could be trace back to the respondent. Children shall be made aware of this.Google scholar, Academic search complete, Zetoc and Academic premier will be use as the main search engines. Data base which will be accessed are IngentaConnect, Sage journals online, Science direct, The Cochrane library, and Social care online. Key words which will be used in the search is ‘custodial sentence on young offenders between 12-17 years on their mental health in England’. Boolean Operators which use a simple words e.g. AND, OR, NOT will be used as conjunctions to combine or exclude keywords in a search, to enable result which are more focused and can produce productive results. This should save time by eliminating inappropriate hits.Ethical and Bias issues (400 Words)Bias is defined as any tendency which prevents unprejudiced consideration of a question. In research, bias occurs when systematic error is introduced into sampling or testing by selecting or encouraging one outcome or answer over others. Bias can occur at any phase of research, including study design or data collection, as well as in the process of data analysis and publication.In reviewing the literature’s search, consideration to the degree to which bias may be presented shall be carefully analyze. Avoidance on how bias might influence a study’s conclusions shall also be consider. Writing this research proposal proved very difficult in commencing. My initial thought was that it would be less tedious in comparison to writing an essay. However, participating in lectures and engaging in class activities gave me the stamina and enthusiasm to engage in the process. Having not engage in such a process before was definitely going to be a challenge. I started by going through the lecture notes and the weekly lecture slides to be able to understand how to develop a research question. A research question helps you to focus on your research by providing a path to navigate the research and writing process (Punch, 2006). Although I had partake in the same lecture on how to develop a research question, yet my understanding was a little vague. I searched using the Google website using what I already had in mind and I came across an article from the Independent Newspaper talking about the mental health of young offenders. I then engage with the literature search strategy to develop my question. Building on the research question helped me to develop the introduction which in itself was also not explicit. Again I turn to the lecture notes to guide me on that. One of the most difficult task in the process was developing the rationale. I struggle to understand the fundamentals on how to cultivate an effective rationale due to not fully understanding the important historical and contextual events which is vital in research and which informs the reader about why and how the research problem I’m interested in exist. How to cite The Effect of Custodial Sentences, Papers

Value of Researching and Construction Project Management

Question: Discuss about the Value of Researching and Construction Project Management. Answer: Precautionary Construction Management for Sustainability Construction Management is the professional service that generally utilizes the specialized techniques of project management in terms of overseeing the construction, design and planning of a particular project from its beginning to its end (Petri et al. 2014). The major purpose of the construction management is to maintain and handle the quality, costs as well as time of the projects (Banihashemi et al. 2017). Sustainability is one of the most crucial factors for the construction management. Moreover, the implementation of the precautionary construction management can be very effective to maintain sustainability in the construction project management and enhance sustainable development (Kibert 2016). Sustainable development is the long-term economic development, which has a great significance in construction management as 50% of the material resources from nature are related to construction. Besides that, more than half of the national waste production comes from the construction sec tor. Therefore, in order to maintain sustainability in construction projects, precautionary construction management techniques should be followed properly. Waste management and sustainable development have become very significant for the construction industry to be properly managed by the people who belong to the management level of the organizations within this industry. In addition, precautionary construction management is significant in order to maintain sustainability by enhancing the leisure, living and working environments (Sears et al. 2015). Moreover, it can also help in generating minimum waste and consuming minimum energy over their life-cycle. Therefore, researching this topic and the scenario plays a significant role in understanding the way through which sustainability can be maintained in construction management. Application of Green Technology in Construction Management In the context of management research, the incorporation of the green technology has several applications over the construction project management. People in the construction industry can effectively minimize its environmental impact, save money and make the lasting value by working sustainable features into the construction and design of the constructional projects (Kibert 2016). The lifetime savings are important although the up-font costs for the green technologies are often higher. Moreover, the green technologies are mainly designed for effectively using the resources that generally result in the financial savings for the owner (Chen et al. 2014). On the other hand, the most obvious advantage of applying the green technologies is its environmental impact as it helps in reducing emissions, conserving water, reducing waste and consuming less energy than the conventional technology. The application of green technology has become a major concern for all the professionals in the constructional project management domain. Maintaining environmental sustainability is the key feature of green technology application (Banihashemi et al. 2017). In other words, the incorporation and implementation of the green technologies in construction management can help the construction management professionals for maintaining the pollution free environment. Therefore, researching this topic and the scenario play a significant role in understanding and exploring the way through which green technology application ultimately help the construction management principles to control sustainability. Applicability of Green Engineering Solutions in Construction Management The major aim of construction management is to control as well as maintain sustainability factors in the construction projects. Hence, in order to accomplish this particular aim, the applicability of green engineering solutions plays a significant role in the construction management domain. The green engineering can effectively approach the design of the processes as well as products by technologically and financially applying the feasible products and processes in such a way that decreases simultaneously the amount of contamination that is formed by a source (Chen et al. 2014). Moreover, it reduces the exposures towards the significant hazards and protecting the health of human being without relinquishing the financial viability and efficiency. Therefore, from this discussion it has been clear that the green engineering solutions are greatly applicable in the construction management principles by preventing waste, minimizing the natural resource depletion and improving natural ecosy stems during protecting human well-being and health. The applicability of green engineering solution has been increased in recent days as it plays an essential role in enhancing sustainability factors of the construction projects. The green engineering solution applicability is the examples how systems as well as products have been designed with a new perspective of sustainability (Banihashemi et al. 2017). Therefore, researching this topic and the scenario play a significant role in understanding and exploring the way through which the applicability of the green engineering solutions ultimately help the construction management principles to control sustainability development of a particular construction project . Green Tech Knowledge of Construction Workforce and Empowerment of Knowledge in Construction Project In order to properly incorporate the green technologies and green engineering solutions in construction management, it is very essential for the construction workforce to have sufficient Green Tech Knowledge. Most importantly, the constructional businesses should focus on the empowerment of knowledge among the workforce in the construction project (Greenberg 2015). The constructional workforce should have proper knowledge regarding the way of applying the green technologies and green engineering solutions in the projects with the help of which a sustainable execution of the constructional project can be expected and achieved as well. Maintaining sustainability factors is a very delicate issue for the construction project management (Petri et al. 2014). The constructional management professionals should focus on the incorporation of the Green Tech Knowledge within the employees in the construction industries. Therefore, it can be done by providing effective training to the employees, which would ultimately help those workers to gain knowledge regarding the operational processes in a certain construction project. Construction industries are looking for workers who have the Green Tech Knowledge and the employees are also looking for the organizations where they can get the scope enhancing their knowledge about the green technologies (Sears et al. 2015). Therefore, researching this topic and the scenario can effectively help in understanding and exploring the way through which the empowerment of green tech knowledge can be accomplished among the employees in the construction industries. Reference Banihashemi, S., Hosseini, M.R., Golizadeh, H. and Sankaran, S., 2017. Critical success factors (CSFs) for integration of sustainability into construction project management practices in developing countries.International Journal of Project Management. Chen, Y., Liu, H., Li, T., Long, H. and Mo, J., 2014. Research of Design and Construction about Green Ecological Technology in the Guiyang International Ecological Conference Center. InICCREM 2014: Smart Construction and Management in the Context of New Technology(pp. 364-373). Greenberg, M.D., 2015.Applications of Green's functions in science and engineering. Courier Dover Publications. Kibert, C.J., 2016.Sustainable construction: green building design and delivery. John Wiley Sons. Petri, I., Beach, T., Rezgui, Y., Wilson, I.E. and Li, H., 2014. Engaging construction stakeholders with sustainability through a knowledge harvesting platform.Computers in Industry,65(3), pp.449-469. Sears, S.K., Sears, G.A., Clough, R.H., Rounds, J.L. and Segner, R.O., 2015.Construction project management. John Wiley Sons.